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Reference

Reference

Plain-English definitions for the terms you'll encounter on your financial journey.

A
Adjustable-Rate Mortgage🏠 Real Estate

A mortgage with an interest rate that can change periodically based on the performance of a specific benchmark.

Adjustable-Rate Mortgage (ARM)💰 Personal Finance

A home loan with an interest rate that can change periodically based on the performance of a specific benchmark.

Annuity Factor🏖️ Retirement

A multiplier used by insurers to determine the amount of a regular payment based on interest rates and age.

ARM💳 Debt & Credit

Adjustable Rate Mortgage is a home loan where the interest rate can change over time based on the market, meaning your monthly payment might go up or down after an initial fixed period.

B
Balance Transfer💰 Personal Finance

Moving debt from one credit card to another, often to take advantage of a lower interest rate.

Basis Point (BPS)📈 Investing

A unit of measure equal to one-hundredth of one percentage point, often used to describe changes in interest rates or yields.

Bond Convexity📈 Investing

A measure of the non-linear relationship between bond prices and interest rates.

Bond Duration📈 Investing

A measurement of a bond's price sensitivity to changes in interest rates.

C
CARD Act💳 Debt & Credit

Credit Card Act of 2009 — A federal law that established fair and transparent practices for credit card companies regarding fees and interest rates.

Carry Trade🌍 International Finance

A strategy where an investor borrows money in a currency with a low interest rate to invest in a currency with a higher interest rate.

Cash Advance💰 Personal Finance

A service provided by credit card issuers allowing cardholders to withdraw cash up to a certain limit, usually at a high interest rate.

CD💰 Personal Finance

Certificate of Deposit is a type of savings account where you agree to leave your money untouched for a set period, like one year, in exchange for a higher interest rate than a standard savings account.

CD Laddering🏦 Banking

A strategy of buying multiple certificates of deposit with different maturity dates to maintain liquidity and capture varying interest rates.

Central Bank🏛️ Macroeconomics

An institution that manages the currency, money supply, and interest rates of an entire nation. It also oversees the commercial banking system and acts as a lender of last resort.

Consolidation Loan💳 Debt & Credit

A single new loan used to pay off multiple existing debts, typically intended to simplify payments or secure a lower interest rate.

Contractionary Monetary Policy🏛️ Macroeconomics

A policy used to slow down economic growth or combat inflation by decreasing the money supply and raising interest rates.

Contractionary Policy🏛️ Macroeconomics

A policy used to slow down an economy that is growing too fast or to curb rising inflation. It involves raising interest rates or reducing government spending to decrease the money supply.

Convexity📈 Investing

A measure of the relationship between bond prices and interest rates that accounts for how the duration changes as yields change.

Coupon Rate📈 Investing

The annual interest rate paid by the issuer of a bond to the bondholder.

Crowding Out Effect🏛️ Macroeconomics

A situation where increased government borrowing to fund spending leads to higher interest rates. This can reduce private sector investment as it becomes more expensive for businesses to borrow.

Currency Carry Trade🌍 International Finance

A strategy where an investor borrows money in a country with low interest rates to invest in assets that offer higher yields in another country. The goal is to profit from the interest rate difference while managing the risk of currency fluctuations.

D
Debt Avalanche💰 Personal Finance

A debt repayment strategy where you focus on paying off the debt with the highest interest rate first to save money over time.

Debt Avalanche Method💰 Personal Finance

A debt repayment strategy where you pay off debts with the highest interest rates first to minimize total interest paid.

Debt Restructuring💳 Debt & Credit

A process where a borrower and lender negotiate new terms for existing debt, such as changing interest rates or extending the repayment period to avoid default.

Discount Points🏠 Real Estate

Optional fees paid to a lender at closing in exchange for a lower interest rate on a mortgage.

Discount Rate🏛️ Macroeconomics

The interest rate charged to commercial banks and other depository institutions on loans they receive from their regional Federal Reserve Bank's lending facility. It influences other interest rates in the economy.

Dovish🏛️ Macroeconomics

A term describing policymakers who favor lower interest rates to encourage economic growth and employment.

Duration📈 Investing

A measure used to estimate how much a bond's price is likely to change if interest rates rise or fall.

E
Equipment Financing🏪 Small Business

A loan or lease specifically designed to help business owners purchase expensive machinery, vehicles, or technology. The equipment itself typically acts as collateral for the debt, which can result in lower interest rates.

Expansionary Monetary Policy🏛️ Macroeconomics

A policy used by a central bank to stimulate the economy by increasing the money supply and lowering interest rates.

Expansionary Policy🏛️ Macroeconomics

A macroeconomic policy that seeks to expand the money supply to encourage economic growth. This is usually achieved by lowering interest rates or increasing government spending.

F
Federal Funds Rate🏛️ Macroeconomics

The interest rate at which depository institutions lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight. It is the target rate set by the Federal Reserve to guide monetary policy.

Fixed Annuity🏖️ Retirement

A contract with an insurance company that guarantees a minimum interest rate and a fixed, predictable payment amount.

Fixed Interest Rate💰 Personal Finance

An interest rate that remains constant for the entire duration of a loan or investment term.

Fixed-Rate Loan💳 Debt & Credit

A loan where the interest rate remains constant throughout the entire term, ensuring predictable monthly payments for the borrower.

Fixed-Rate Mortgage💰 Personal Finance

A home loan with an interest rate that remains the same for the entire life of the loan.

Floating Rate Note📈 Investing

A bond or debt instrument with a variable interest rate that adjusts periodically based on a benchmark index.

H
Hawkish🏛️ Macroeconomics

A term describing policymakers who favor higher interest rates to keep inflation in check.

High-Yield Bond📈 Investing

A bond that has a lower credit rating and pays a higher interest rate because it carries a greater risk of default.

High-Yield Savings Account💰 Personal Finance

A type of savings account that typically pays a significantly higher interest rate than a standard savings account.

Hot Money🌍 International Finance

Capital that flows rapidly into or out of a country's financial markets in search of the highest short-term interest rates or speculative returns.

HYSA💰 Personal Finance

High-Yield Savings Account is a bank savings account that pays a much higher interest rate than a standard account, helping your money grow faster. It works exactly like a regular savings account at your local bank, but the bank rewards you more generously for keeping your balance there.

I
Index Rate💳 Debt & Credit

A benchmark interest rate used by lenders as a starting point to calculate the rate for variable-rate credit products.

Interest Rate💰 Personal Finance

The percentage of a loan amount that a lender charges a borrower for the use of assets.

Interest Rate Risk📈 Investing

The risk that an investment's value will decline as a result of a change in the general level of interest rates.

L
Liquidity Trap🏛️ Macroeconomics

A situation in which interest rates are so low that people prefer to hold cash rather than invest or spend. This makes traditional monetary policy tools ineffective at stimulating the economy.

Loan Consolidation🎓 Education Finance

Federal Student Loan Consolidation — Combining multiple federal education loans into one new loan with a single monthly payment and a fixed interest rate.

Loan Refinancing🎓 Education Finance

Private Student Loan Refinancing — The process of taking out a new private loan to pay off existing student loans, usually to secure a lower interest rate.

M
Margin (in lending)💳 Debt & Credit

The set number of percentage points a lender adds to an index rate to determine the final interest rate for a borrower.

MMA🏦 Banking

Money Market Account: This is a type of savings account offered by banks that usually pays a higher interest rate than a standard savings account. It provides you with easy access to your money, often with limited check-writing or debit card features, making it a safe place to park cash while earning a little extra interest.

Monetary Policy🏛️ Macroeconomics

The actions taken by a central bank to manage the money supply and interest rates. Its goal is to achieve macroeconomic objectives like controlling inflation and consumption.

N
Nominal Interest Rate🏛️ Macroeconomics

The interest rate on a loan or investment that has not been adjusted for inflation. it represents the actual percentage increase in the amount of money over time.

P
Penalty APR💳 Debt & Credit

A very high interest rate applied to a credit card account if the cardholder violates the terms of the agreement, such as by making a late payment.

Periodic Interest Rate💳 Debt & Credit

The interest rate charged on a loan or credit account over a specific period, such as daily or monthly.

Points🏠 Real Estate

Fees paid directly to a lender at closing in exchange for a lower interest rate on a mortgage.

Prime Rate💰 Personal Finance

The base interest rate that commercial banks charge their most creditworthy corporate customers, influencing consumer rates.

Q
Quantitative Easing🏛️ Macroeconomics

A form of monetary policy in which a central bank purchases large-scale financial assets from the open market. This is done to inject money into the economy and lower long-term interest rates.

R
Rate-and-Term Refinance🏠 Real Estate

A refinancing of an existing mortgage to change the interest rate, the loan term, or both, without taking cash out.

Refinance🏠 Real Estate

The process of replacing an existing mortgage with a new one, typically to obtain a lower interest rate or different terms. This can help homeowners reduce monthly payments or access home equity.

Refinancing💰 Personal Finance

The process of replacing an existing loan with a new loan that has different terms, usually to lower the interest rate.

Rho📈 Investing

An options Greek that measures the sensitivity of an option's price to changes in interest rates.

S
Student Loan Consolidation🎓 Education Finance

A process that combines multiple federal student loans into one single loan with a fixed interest rate based on the average of the previous loans.

Student Loan Refinancing🎓 Education Finance

The act of taking out a new private loan to pay off existing student loans, usually to obtain a better interest rate.

Subprime Borrower💳 Debt & Credit

A person with a low credit score who is considered a higher risk for lenders. Because of this risk, they are often charged higher interest rates on loans.

Subprime Loan💳 Debt & Credit

A loan offered to individuals with lower credit scores at higher interest rates to compensate the lender for the increased risk of default.

T
Term Loan💰 Personal Finance

A loan for a specific amount that has a specified repayment schedule and a fixed or floating interest rate.

TILA💰 Personal Finance

The Truth in Lending Act is a law that requires lenders to clearly show you the total cost of a loan, including interest rates and fees, so you can easily compare options before borrowing money.

Treasury Note (T-Note)📈 Investing

A marketable U.S. government debt security with a fixed interest rate and a maturity between one and ten years.

U
Usury Laws💳 Debt & Credit

Regulations that set a maximum interest rate that can be legally charged on loans to protect consumers.

V
Variable Interest Rate💰 Personal Finance

An interest rate on a loan or security that fluctuates over time based on an underlying market index.

Y
Yield Curve📈 Investing

A graph that shows the interest rates on bonds of different maturities, typically comparing short-term and long-term debt.

Z
Zero Lower Bound🏛️ Macroeconomics

A macroeconomic problem that occurs when the short-term nominal interest rate is at or near zero, causing a liquidity trap.